Recognition criteria of igneous and metamorphic rocks on aerial. This section is often greatly condensed in most other texts, but it is the most interesting and dynamic aspect of petrology. They are formed when sedimentary and igneous rocks become changed by pressure and heat. Studies of metamorphic rocks provide insights into the physical and chemical changes that take place deep within earth. Petrogenesisthe interpretive part of the science in which we try to constrain the origin of igneous rocks, i. Deep underground rocks are exposed to high pressures from the overlying layers of rocks and high temperatures from magma. P572 2009 5521dc22 2008040943 isbn 9780521880060 hardback cambridge university press has no responsibility for the persistence or.
Part i introduction 1 rocks and earth structure part ii igneous rocks 2 igneous rocks. Metamorphic rocks in nature shale to slate metamorphism deformation of sedimentary rocks metamorphic rocks record how temperature and pressure affected an area when it was forming. An introduction to igneous and metamorphic petrology. The study of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, second edition isbn 9781577665205. Sep 15, 2007 all rocks, whether igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary, are made of minerals. Dec 15, 1994 an introduction to how rocks are formed.
Metamorphic metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type, the protolith, in a process called metamorphism, which means change in form. Their structures and textures 3 chemistry, mineralogy, and classification of igneous rocks 4 the phase rule and phase diagrams 5 petrogenesis, movement, and modification of magmas 6 basalts and ultramafic volcanic rocks 7 rhyolites and pyroclastic rocks 8. The classification and nomenclature of igneous rocks are treated in the final section. Mechanical deformation and chemical recrystallization are the two processes that affect rock during metamorphism. The rocks provide clues to their transformation into a metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphic rocks never melt if they did they would become igneous magma. This will lead us into discussions on magma, silicate minerals, and the construction of a useful illustration that may be used to both name an igneous rock and determine its mineral content. Metamorphism involves changes in mineral assemblage and rock texture and occurs in the solid state as a result of changes in temperature and pressure. Arnold, interpretation of airphotos and remotely sensed imagery isbn 9781577663539. The rock cycle simply moves from the igneous to metamorphic to sedimentary rocks and the process repeats itself over and over. Written exeptionally well, with good sence of humor, it covers all the topics related to the formation and evolution of igneous and metamorphic rocks, gives you comprehensive and comprehensible that is also inportant information about rock types, their classification, textures. The three rock types differ in how they are formed, and the way in which these minerals are put together.
In the present lecture, we shall go through another, but equally important class of rocks metamorphic rocks that are formed when sedimentary or igneous rocks are subjected to heat and pressure. Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology anthony r. All chapters of part ii of the book have been rewritten. Knowledge of metamorphic processes and rocks is valuable, because metamorphic. A systematic analysis of late cenozoic landforms, third edition isbn 97815577663546.
Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock. Sep 2, 20 for the past couple of weeks, the kiddos have been learning about the different rock types. Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology by anthony. Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology second. Free petrology books download ebooks online textbooks.
Texture in metamorphic rocks individual minerals may or may not be bounded by crystal faces. Hand specimen and thin section description of igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are found where plates diverge, as lava rises and fills the gap between the plates. Metamorphic rocks started out as some other type of rock, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form. Pelitic metamorphic rocks formed during regional metamorphism include many varieties of slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss. Also, the chapters introduction and grade have undergone several major changes. Essentials of igneous and metamorphic petrology, which is easy to recommend, is. Beneath the surface, magma hardens to form intrusive rocks with easily visible coarsegrained crystal texture.
The study of igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks. The rock cycle is a continuous process describing the transformation of the rocks through various stages through their lifetime. In the modern oceans, the mafic association is found in two specific settings. Igneous and metamorphic rocks are composed of what. At the surface, lava hardens to form extrusive rocks with tiny finegrained crystals or glassy no crystal textures.
An introduction to igneous and metamorphic petrology by john. This new edition of petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks has several completely revised chapters and all chapters have updated references and redrawn. Metamorphic rocks metamorphic rocks rocks that have been subjected to either enough heat or pressure to cause the minerals in that rock to undergo solid state chemical changes. Ii igneous and metamorphic petrology angelo peccerillo encyclopedia of life support systems eolss since average geothermal earth gradient is about 30 c km1, it can be deduced easily that most of the rocks forming the crust and mantle are indeed metamorphic. The classification for igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, and pyroclastic rocks is shown on figures 41, 42, 43, and 44, respectively.
Igneous igneous rock forms from magma that has cooled and hardened. Sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rock projects. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools, either on earths surface or beneath it, though some may form by fragmentation of solidifying magma. Instructor metamorphic rocks glg 101 physical geology now that we have found out how rocks melt and become igneous rocks, and how weathering occurs and sedimentary rocks are formed, we need to find out what happens where rocks are too cool to melt. The book encourages a deeper comprehension of the subject by explaining the. Facies represent specific temperature pressure regimes. Igneous classification, igneous textures, field relationships, thermodynamics, phase rule and binary systems, binary and greater systems, trace element and isotopes, magma diversification, layered mafic intrusions, continental flood basalts, granitoid rocks, metamorphic facies and mafic rocks, thermodynamics and geothermobarometry, metamorphic. Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks flashcards quizlet. Metamorphic rocks and processes metamorphism comes from the greek words meta change morphe form metamorphic rocks form by solidstate no melting transformation of preexisting rock by processes that take place beneath earths surface. It is also available as three separate volumes, each on a single rock type. We classify these compositegenesis rocks according to descriptive properties that reflect the multiple processes that make the rock composite. Typical occurrences of igneous rock bodies on the surface include lava flows, lava domes, necks and spines. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
Rocks provide the physical clues to understanding how the earth works, and how the system has changed over time. Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks do not have aligned mineral crystals. Igneous rocks and processes revised on 102011 page 5 of 10 finegrained or aphanitic. Metamorphic rocks are formed by applying heat andor pressure to preexisting rock.
The igneous rocks granite, pegmatite and aplite and metamorphic rocks gneiss, calcsilicate rock, marble and schist are exposed in the area. The iugs mineralogical based classification and nomenclature scheme for phaneritic and aphanitic igneous rocks. Change is a result of pressure directed stress and heat solid state reaction no net change in chemistry ideally role of groundwater recrystallization of new minerals from old minerals. Classification and nomenclature of igneous rocks prof. Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification and cooling of magma in volcanic. Igneous and metamorphic petrology has over the last twenty years expanded rapidly into a broad, multifaceted and increasingly quantitative science. The protolith may be a sedimentary, igneous, or existing metamorphic rock. Advances in geochemistry, geochronology, and geophysics, as well as the appearance of new analytical tools, have all contributed to new ways of thinking about the origin and evolution of magmas, and.
All of the activities below come from aims earth rocks. The processes that lead to the formation of igneous rocks have brought earths water to the surface as well as the atmosphere and the chemicals that make up all of organic life, produced most of its metallic ore. In this course you will study sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic processes. Igneous rocks are made either underground intrusive or above ground extrusive. The presence of index minerals in metamorphic rocks allows geologists to assess the temperatures and pressures the parent rock encountered. Change is a result of pressure directed stress and heat solid state reaction no net change in chemistry ideally role of groundwater recrystallization of.
Bulletin board charteducationalearth sciencetypes of rock. Occurrence, texture, and classification of igneous rocks. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page. Each of these will be discussed in turn, then we will summarize how metamorphic rocks are classified. Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called. Igneous rocks are also classified as acid or basic, according to whether their silica content is high e. At the highest grade of metamorphism, rocks begin to partially melt, at which point the boundary of metamorphic conditions is surpassed and the igneous part of the rock cycle is entered. Metamorphic rocks metamorphic rocks are rocks from sedimentary and igneous origin that have been changed through high pressures and temperatures during orogenesis mountain building or during igneous intrusion contact metamorphism metamorphic rocks cont. All the rocks that have reached chemical equilibrium under a particular set of physical conditions. Since new minerals are created during metamorphism, the end product metamorphic. This is a really great book for all students who want to learn sometfing about igneous and metamorphic petrology. Facies concept developed by eskola norway, 1915 to compare metamorphic rocks from different areas. Principles igneous metamorphic petrology by john d winter.
Igneous rocks and processes introduction igneous rocks comprise the bulk of the crust of the earth. Metamorphic comes from the greek word meta and morph, meaning change in form. To simplify the discussion we are severely reducing the number of. These figures are condensed and modified slightly from travis classifications, but the more detailed original classifications of travis are acceptable. Understanding of petrology is critical for a firm understanding of virtually all aspects of the earth system. Microtextures of igneous and metamorphic rocks springerlink. Mcdermott the basic terminology of igneous petrology. Start studying igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks. The domain of this classification system includes not only metamorphic rocks as commonly understood, but also a variety of hydrothermally altered, myloniteseries, cataclastic, and impact metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineralrich fluids or. Igneous rocks are made from minerals that have been crystallized from molten lava. Even though rocks remain solid during metamorphism, fluid is generally present in. Grain size and the proportion of grain sizes the texture is phaneritic equallycrystallized and crystals are medium 21mm. A link within the document will lead you to a pdf file geared for printing this list. A survey of actual occurrences of igneous and metamorphic rocks, and processes that produce them, is provided.
Hydrothermal activity spatially associated with ultramafic rocks, usually serpentinites, has been observed at several localities proximal. Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology second edition. Texture physical appearance in the rock occur only crystals, so the texture is holocrystalline. Minerals are the pure, solid compounds that make up the building blocks of most of earths natural materials.
An introduction to igneous and metamorphic petrology by. This course aims to provide students with a basic understanding of the nature and origin of igneous and metamorphic rocks, from their petrographic characteristics, both in the field and under the polarizing microscope, to their origin, distribution, and. The mineral grains can be very small or very large depending on how quickly the lava or magma cooled, but they are always well interlocked with each other. Cambridge core mineralogy, petrology and volcanology principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology by anthony philpotts. Metamorphic rocks are former igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rocks that have changed their texture and composition. To simplify the discussion we are severely reducing the number of igneous rocks you need to know to an essential few.
Classification of metamorphic rocks is based on mineral assemblage, texture, protolith, and bulk chemical composition of the rock. Jul 28, 2009 igneous rocks are also classified as acid or basic, according to whether their silica content is high e. In practice, this means that the average dimension of the crystals is less than 1 millimeter. Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology second edition this textbook provides a basic understanding of the formative processes of igneous and metamorphic rocks through quantitative applications of simple physical and chemical principles. The foliation is usually perpendicular to the direction of the applied stress. This course aims to provide students with a basic understanding of the nature and origin of igneous and metamorphic rocks, from their petrographic characteristics, both in the field and under the polarizing microscope, to.
The subducting plate melts as it sinks into the crust of the earth, and the melt rises into the overriding plate forming volcanoes. This text covers igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks making it suitable for a petrology course. An igneous rock or a part of an igneous rock with a finegrained or aphanitic texture has crystals, but they are too small to recognized with the unaided eye. Sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic here are some of the handson activities we completed while learning about their differences. The domain of this classification system includes not only metamorphic rocks as commonly understood, but also a variety of hydrothermally altered, myloniteseries, cataclastic, and impactmetamorphic rocks.
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